Tooth loss substance
There are few causes
Abrasion - is due to mechanical tooth brushing.
Erosion - is due to diet acid and stomach regurgitation to increase acidic environment.
1918 flu pandemic cure
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Researchers have found out what made the 1918 flu pandemic so deadly — a group of three genes that lets the virus invade the lungs and cause pneumonia.
They mixed samples of the 1918 influenza strain with modern seasonal flu viruses to find the three genes and said their study might help in the development of new flu drugs.
The discovery, published in Tuesday’s issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could also point to mutations that might turn ordinary flu into a dangerous pandemic strain.
Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin and colleagues at the Universities of Kobe and Tokyo in Japan used ferrets, which develop flu in ways very similar to humans.
Usually flu causes an upper respiratory infection affecting the nose and throat, as well as so-called systemic illness causing fever, muscle aches and weakness.
But some people become seriously ill and develop pneumonia. Sometimes bacteria cause the pneumonia and sometimes flu does it directly.
During pandemics, such as in 1918, a new and more dangerous flu strain emerges.
“The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most devastating outbreak of infectious disease in human history, accounting for about 50 million deaths worldwide,” Kawaoka’s team wrote.
It killed 2.5 percent of victims, compared to fewer than 1 percent during most annual flu epidemics. Autopsies showed many of the victims, often otherwise healthy young adults, died of severe pneumonia.
“We wanted to know why the 1918 flu caused severe pneumonia,” Kawaoka said in a statement.
They painstakingly substituted single genes from the 1918 virus into modern flu viruses and, one after another, they acted like garden-variety flu, infecting only the upper respiratory tract.
But a complex of three genes helped to make the virus live and reproduce deep in the lungs.
The three genes — called PA, PB1, and PB2 — along with a 1918 version of the nucleoprotein or NP gene, made modern seasonal flu kill ferrets in much the same way as the original 1918 flu, Kawaoka’s team found.
Most flu experts agree that a pandemic of influenza will almost certainly strike again. No one knows when or what strain it will be but one big suspect now is the H5N1 avian influenza virus.
H5N1 is circulating among poultry in Asia, Europe and parts of Africa. It rarely affects humans but has killed 247 of the 391 people infected since 2003.
A few mutations would make it into a pandemic strain that could kill millions globally within a few months.
Four licensed drugs can fight flu but the viruses regularly mutate into resistant forms — just as bacteria evolve into forms that evade antibiotics.
Reuters
Perio endo lesion
Molar teeth are most commonly involve
There are primarily
periodontal in origin vs
endodontic in origin vs
coexisting in separate aetiology
but both present at the same time.
Diagnostic test
vitality test no response if primarily endodontic or combined
Response positive if primarily periodontal
Percussion tenderness and a dull percussion note
Radiographs gutta percha point in pocket reaches apex.
|note this is answer from What is perio endo lesion?
Products to remember their functions
What is common products in market?
Basic - tooth paste, fluoride tooth paste, soft liner denture, floss, tooth pick and more.
But in examination we need extra products with their function which is not give by home user but in professional
practice.
Endodontics for example use Natrium Hypoclorite for irrigation.
Alginate for impression, silicons and many more.
All in dental materials subject and other in regular subjects.
Diagnosis for pulp disease
A - Pulpitis - Initial pulpitis, reversible pulpitis, acute irreversible pulpitis
B - Perio endo lesion
C - Dentine Sensitivity
Initial pulpitis or early reversible pulpitis
Pain hot / cold
Disappear on removal stimulus
Very short duration < 15 second
No spontaneous pain
Poorly localized
May include large intracoronal, extracoronal restoration, large caries involving pulp or pin closed to pulp.
I have A B C diagnosis answer. Because this question want me to answer through differential diagnosis.
The Open Prosthetics Project
The Open Prosthetics Project is producing useful innovations in the field of prosthetics and freely sharing the designs. This project is an open source collaboration between users, designers and funders with the goal of making our creations available for anyone to use and build upon. Our hope is to use this and our complementary sites to create a core group of “lead users,” and to speed up and amplify the impact of their innovations in the industry.
Prosthesis medical and Dentistry
In medicine, a prosthesis (plural prostheses) is an artificial extension that replaces a missing body part. It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the science of fusing mechanical devices with human muscle, skeleton, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost by trauma, disease, or defect. Prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury (traumatic) or missing from birth (congenital) or to supplement defective body parts. Inside the body, artificial heart valves are in common use with artificial hearts and lungs seeing less common use but under active technology development. Other medical devices and aids that can be considered prosthetics include artificial eyes, palatal obturator, gastric bands, and dentures.
In Dentistry we have prothesis but it to replace all missing teeth complete denture or partial missing teeth partial denture.
Heal the world by Michael Jackson
I sing a song. But wait for uploading…
About menu.
This just for warming up to study this materials.
Very interesting to study in my country. Student is from Arab area and asia. They are few professor from Middle east and external inviter for examination coming from Argentina, Singapore, and many more country.
This website is just write about half of my answer but not complete. All materials is more linking from other website but i write few and make it available because i like to write my self and share knowledge from internet.
This website is rich in source about Dentistry. You can looking around.
